DEFINITIONS
The salt is a simple chemical compound composed of atoms that carry positive ions and negative ions.
For example table salt (sodium chloride) consists of positive ions and negative ions of sodium chloride.
Sodium chloride forms crystals in dry conditions, but like the other salts in the body, easily dissolved in water.
When salt dissolves in water, separate components as particles called ions.
Dissolved ion particles is known as the electrolyte.
Levels (concentration) of each electrolyte in the solution of soluble salts can be measured and is usually calculated in units of milliequivalents in each volume of the solution (mEq / L).
- The liquid in the cell
- Fluid in the space surrounding the cell
- Blood (dissolved in serum electrolyte, which is the liquid part of blood).
Normal levels of electrolytes in solution varies.
Some cells are found in high concentrations in cells and in low concentrations outside the cell.Other electrolytes found in low concentrations in cells and in high concentration outside the cell.
To be able to function properly, the body must maintain the electrolyte concentration in each of these body parts in a very limited range.
This was done by way of transfer of electrolytes into or out of cells.
Kidneys filter the blood and electrolytes in the electrolyte sufficient to remove the urine to maintain a balance between intake and exhaust daily electrolyte.
Electrolyte concentration can be measured in blood samples or urine in the laboratory.
Measurement of blood electrolyte concentrations is to find any abnormalities or to determine response to treatment.
The most common electrolyte disturbance involved in the balance of salt is sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate and magnesium.
Levels of chloride and bicarbonate is also commonly measured.
Blood chloride concentration is usually in line with the concentration of blood sodium and bicarbonate are involved in acid base balance disturbances.
The main electrolytes in the body:
# Positive ion
- Sodium (Na? +)
- Potassium (K? +)
- Calcium (Ca? + +)
- Magnesium (Mg? + +)
# Negative ion
- Chloride (Cl & soup)
- Phosphate (HPO4 & soup-and-H2PO4 & soup)
- Bicarbonate (HCO3 & soup).
Sodium levels SETTINGS
Almost all the sodium in the body and blood in the fluid surrounding the cells.
Body sodium comes from food and beverages and excreted through urine and sweat.
Normal kidney can regulate sodium is removed in the urine, so the total amount of sodium in the body varies slightly from day to day.
A disturbance of balance between sodium intake and expenditure will affect the total amount of sodium in the body.
Changes in the total amount of sodium are intimately associated with changes in the amount of fluid in the body.
Loss of body sodium does not cause decreased blood sodium concentration but causes decreased blood volume.
If the blood volume decreases, the pressure will fall consciousness, heart rate will increase, dizziness and occasional shock.
In contrast, blood volume can be increased if too much sodium in the body.
Excessive fluid will collect in the space surrounding the cells and cause edema.
One sign of this edema is a swelling of legs, feet and legs poergelangan below.
Body regularly monitor the blood sodium concentration and blood volume.
Jka sodium levels are too high, the brain will cause thirst and encourage us to drink.
Sensor in the blood vessels and kidneys will know if the blood volume decreases and spurred a chain reaction of trying to increase the volume of fluid in the blood.
Adrenal gland hormone aldosterone that took hold sodium kidney.
Pituitary gland antidiuretic hormone that issued the kidneys retain water.
Detention of sodium and water causing reduced urinary excretion of water, which in turn will increase the blood volume and blood pressure returned to normal.
If sensors in the blood vessels and kidneys aware of any increase in blood pressure and censorship in the heart found an increase in blood volume, the kidney is stimulated to release more sodium and urine, thus reducing blood volume.
Potassium LEVELS SETTINGS
Potassium has an important role in cell metabolism and the function of nerve and muscle cells.
Most of the potassium contained in the cell.
Potassium concentrations are too high or too low can cause serious problems, such as abnormal heart rhythm or cardiac arrest.
Potassium is stored in the cell to help maintain the concentration of potassium in the blood remains constant.
Potassium balance is maintained by adjusting the amount of potassium in food intake and the amount of potassium is removed.
Most of the potassium excreted through the urine, although some were thrown through the feces.
In normal circumstances, renal potassium disposal in order to adjust the balance with the intake of potassium through food.
Some drugs and certain conditions cause potassium to move into or out of cells, and this affects the concentration of potassium in the blood.
Sources of potassium:
- Additional potassium
- Potassium salt
- Banana
- Tomato
- Orange
- Melon
- Potatoes
- Nuts
- Spinach and other green leafy vegetables
- Nuts.
CALCIUM LEVELS SETTINGS
Calcium is important for many body functions, including muscle contraction, nerve conduction and function of various enzymes.
Most of the body's calcium is stored in bones, but calcium is also found in the cells and blood.
Body controlling the right amount of calcium in cells and blood.
Maintenance of normal calcium concentration in the blood depends on:
- Intake through the mouth of at least 500-1000 mgr / day
- Absorption of sufficient amounts of digestive tract
- Expenses excess calcium in the urine.
Calcium can be moved from the bone into the bloodstream as needed, to maintain the blood calcium concentration.
Removal of calcium from the bones in the amount too much, can eventually cause the bones become weak and occurs osteoporosis.
Concentration of calcium in the blood regulated by 2 hormones:
1. Parathyroid hormone, produced by the thyroid gland 4 located around the thyroid gland in the neck.
If the blood calcium concentration decreases, the parathyroid glands produce more parathyroid hormone; if the concentration increases, glands produce less hormone.
Parathyroid hormone stimulates the digestive tract to absorb more calcium and cause kidney activates vitamin D.
Furthermore the ability of vitamin D increase the digestive tract to absorb calcium.
Parathyroid hormone also stimulates the bone to release calcium into the blood and cause kidney discard fewer calcium into the urine.
2. Calcitonin, a hormone produced by the cells of the parathyroid glands, thyroid and thymus gland.
Its function is to lower blood calcium levels by stimulating the movement of calcium into the bone.
SETTINGS PHOSPHATE LEVELS
The element phosphorus in the body is almost entirely contained in the form of phosphates (phosphorus atoms 1 and 4 oxygen atoms).
Most of the phosphate in the body's bones.
The rest are mainly in the cell, where the phosphate involved in energy metabolism and is also used as builder substances is important molecules like DNA.
Phosphate removed in the urine and feces.
Magnesium LEVELS SETTINGS
To be able to function properly, a large number of enzymes in the body depend on magnesium.
Most of the body magnesium is found in the bone; very little is found in the blood.
The amount of magnesium primarily maintained by consuming nutritious foods.
Some magnesium removed in the urine, while others removed the feces.
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